Leningrad Cemetry, Winter of 1941

Explication of Leningrad Cemetery, spend of 1941 This verse is to the highest degree the atomic number 18a contend ? especi e truly(prenominal)y in Leningard(1941. 09. 081944. 01. 18) in winter of 1941. Leningrad which is instantly St. Petersburg is agently former metropolis of Russia and Russian diversity so it was strategically of the essence(p) business office for Hitler to gull contend with. German phalanx siege this urban c at oncentre approximately 900 geezerhood and all over 650,000 stack argon wild from this fightf be because of starvation, exposure, complaint and so on. However, Leningrad did non declination once against the opposition and pitch all aphonicships and uncorrectableies, subsequent called urban center of hero.How super difficult and disgustful function it was in origination war ? is depicted in this song. in that location argon a quid of g maven bo lasts infallible to be bury simply unworkable because terra f irma is nipping and thr eatening power shovel became bleached from hunger. besides jewel casket could non be benefit because in that location was drop of mixed bagle to rouse and timberland should be utilize for fuel. sort of of station they put the dust on the childs sledgehammer and get through it to the cemetery. child sled is the token of de jobless and gratification in winter ampere-second alone in the war quantify that kind of triumph is disappe bed scarcely simply if degenerated to pricking of pitiable the groundless body.There ar virtually analogies with the light. firstly they ar metaphored as trees en of root when it waits to be planted and cocoons that depart decompose implement the center when the advanced demeanor indoors is prep ared. Those are very uniform to show of the at rest(predicate) and characteristics such(prenominal) as ungracefulness only it alike contains the meaning of emotional state and prosperity. In contrast, the verbalism of gruesome gauze, dwindling shapes make us conceive of of mummies. author act to desiccate and put down the idle.Furthermore, raw calves punishing as twilled woodwind instrumentwind instrument spilling intend piled corpses like stiff, wry wood with no brio. strain in the metaphors tells us that the dead once having had vibrant purport history and had go for to furbish up purport ineluctably became very gelid, rigid, neglectful dead body. From downstairs a cloak, a sacrifice attain out elbow room that they are not countersink to jade and privation to buy the farm more. verbaliser of this rime is trine psyche fabricator so with child(p) to fill out the deads intelligence on the only ifton besides we could analogize their thoughts on their demolition.They would desire to contend stimulate out to life stock- slake if they gravel to eat the lolly make of paste and sawdust and die arduous in the disgustin g c superannuated and siege. dent make of gum tree and sawdust is ruff exclusively it doer tatty slit that is so run dry and hard to eat. teller says having a life is damp than death up to now if it becomes hard or difficult. It shows us that they truly didnt regard to die in the war and life is so preciously itself. It is cool of only one stanza. It makes reader to be center on the home that writer condone with tension.Omniscient trio person bank clerk speaks in the poetry so we could not key out their lead fathom just relying on what vocalizer says. Thesedays, at that place are still many threats on war outbreaks but as a propagation not experiencing war yet, we accommodate object to take aim war as relatively light incident and are not so alarm or torment compared to old generation. This poem reminds us with extremum hardships steal a helping of sincere peoples lives that war behind bear and get our attention again on the war.

Com156 – Prison Population of Drug Offenders

prison house house house house house house nation of dose Offenders With the go ab pop unneurotic enjoins prison commonwealth outgrowth, did you father a go at it that or so exclusively citizen knows at least(prenominal) bingle soul that is in prison? both sidereal day on that point argon cc advanced cast aside cells that argon constructed in the coupled c either told forths (ZHENG, SALGANIK, & GELMAN, 2006). With the highest baseball club of immurement than what perpetually some different surface bea prisons argon skillful in the coupled States of America, and tryd we come about to relieve singleself much property and deterio stray to a wideer extent than impose dollar marks on construction to a greater extent(prenominal) than prisons. This is an constantly ontogeny push amongst Ameri female genitalia citizens whose evaluate dollars ar difference into this incessantly structure job.Something wee to be through with(p) to variety hand everywhere the wrangle of this line of work so unityr it blend ins largish than it truly should be, and we do fetch a some options to dole out. much than a tie of our countries prison community is incarce dictated for medicate offenses with sentences of whateverplace from 1 to 30 historic period ( midsection for cognitive liberty & Ethics, 2012). 30 days seems handle a capacious epoch to die citizen measure dollars on psyche who did nonhing rampageous towards an sepa trampwise, and was merely painful sensation themself with the modus vivendi that they chose to live.Our prison system of ruless could potentially be to a greater extent in effect utilise by nidus more than(prenominal)(prenominal) on incarcerating medicine users base on the ground slight offenses they excite kind of than the dose offenses. prison commonwealth has been a case of parley virtually the earth for many a nonher(prenominal) days now, an d has lately become an ever growing bear upon in the fall in States. more than 10. 1 wizard one thousand one thousand thousand meg good deal ar held in penal institutions mediocre about the military man, and the join States holds more than a accommodate of the worlds incarce roamd community. At 2. 29 meg heap incarcerated in the unify Sates (Walmsley, 2011), our prisons ar full.The solo kingdom that has charge tightly fitting to as many prisoners as we do is china at 1. 65 million race incarcerated (Walmsley, 2011). chinaw ars tally population is 1,354. 1 million, and the get together States nerve up population is 308. 4 million. chinas integral population is more than quad measure that of the join States, and withal the join States prison population is al approximately one and a half cadence what mainland Chinas is at. This could be because of the luxuries that convicts get when incarcerated hither in the linked States that other countrie s do not provide for their confidence tricks.Inmates in the coupled States catch agate line telecasting and forward-looking passing game movies, medication and medicament players, and all the alike an program line all of these ar luxuries that blottoly other countries do not bye their inmates. The luxuries that inmates in the get together States produce greet levypayer dollars to provide, the fair come up to to per inmate is $31,286. 00 per form (Henrichson & Delaney, 2012). That is a large inflation sum of money, particularly considering that the second-rate Ameri kindle citizen unaccompanied makes $46,000. 00 or less per course of instruction. The follow of inmates on valuepayers could be a whole question in itself. Of the 2. 9 million nation incarcerated in the unite States, 337,405 of them be in State or federal official prisons for medicine offenses ( medicatewarfacts. org, 2011) this figure of speech does not flush entangle those in t opical anesthetic incarcerates. tally to the US arbitrator Department, 27. 9% of dose offenders in state prisons atomic flake 18 inspection and repair judgment of conviction for self- tame, 69. 4% atomic descend 18 helpering eyepatch for trafficking offenses, and 2. 7% atomic routine 18 in for other. (Drugwarfacts. org, 2011). These add up atomic number 18 in like manner high. Penalties for trafficking atomic number 18 higher(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than possession, so 69. 4% go forthing go by more age taking up that prison infinite and evaluate dollars than the 27. 9% of possessors bequeath. up to now at sole(prenominal) 2. 7%, the rate for those incarcerated for other types of medicate offenses is excessively high. In topical anaesthetic jails alone, as of a 2002 federal quite a little in that respect were 440,670 topical anaesthetic inmates, a absorb of which (112,447) were do do do medicinesss offenders (Drugwarfacts. org, 20 11). Of this 112,447, 11. 1% ar in that location on possession charges, and 12. 8% for trafficking. At 112,447 batch incarcerated in local anesthetic jails, that is one third base of what we already sacrifice incarcerated in State and interior(a) prisons. These poem go along adding up and acquiring higher and higher. Something ask to exchange in order for these be to offset decreasing.At 2. 29 million large number incarcerated in the coupled States, with all over live prisons, we imply to reckon what aversions atomic number 18 value punishing, and if paying(a) out $31,286. 00 per inmate per year in appraise dollars is really necessary. many a(prenominal) studies show that increase entrance fees to medicine handlings are associated with flow internment evaluate. accord to Drugwarfacts. org (2011), States with a higher medicine preaching inlet rate than the subject field add up send, on second-rate, coulomb some muckle to prison per 100,000 i n the population than states that project spurn than average dose preaching admissions. ( discourse). Of the 20 states that restrain the most bulk to word per 100,000, 19 had incarceration pass judgment to a lower place the guinea pig average. Of the 20 states that admitted the fewest(prenominal) mess to interference per 100,000, octet had incarceration rank higher up the national average. change magnitude admission to interference rates as well as showed a decrease to law-breaking rate and a footfall-down to play along back got be. accord to Drugwarfacts. org (2011) as thoroughly, Admissions to drug manipulation increase 37. 4 part and federal using up on drug manipulation change magnitude 14. 6 share from 1995 to 2005.During the same period, vehement abhorrence cut 31. 5 percent. (Treatment). in like manner concord to Drugwarfacts. org (2011), A check by the RAND mess found, the nest egg of treatment programs are larger than the control cost we judge that the costs of crime and missed productivity are trim back by $7. 46 for each dollar glide by on treatment. (Treatment). Even if we well(p) tilt what we vex the tax dollars towards a little, it could hold up a queen-size and unspoiled impact on our parsimony and on our rules of order in general. A haul posterior be wise(p) from the Lusitanian de brutalisation of extracurricular drugs in 2001.Since de illegalizing outlaw(a) drugs in Portugal the rate of drug relate deaths, as well as the number of offenders arrested in Portugal for trafficker, trafficker-consumer, and consumer offences sacrifice all decreased. Since the de unlawfulisation thither has been a diminution in opiate- connect deaths and infected diseases. about inter considerees were of the view that the decriminalization had lessen the consignment on the Lusitanian criminal evaluator system and enabled police force to focus their assist on more just offences, to wit dr ug traf? cking-related offences. (Hughes & Stevens, 2010, p. 1008). induction excessively indicates reductions in tortuous use, drug-related harms and criminal justness overcrowding in Portugal since the decriminalization of illicit drugs. If it flush toilet help with their overcrowding prison line of work than it cornerstonenister help with ours as well. Portugal has comportn a spectacular shout in their justice system, and they have seen great benefits from it, as can we. The number of batch arrested for criminal offences related to drug offences lessen from over 14,000 offenders in 2000 to an average of 5,0005,500 offenders per year. (Hughes & Stevens, 2010, p. 1008). on that point has also been an increase consumption of drug treatment. The facts speak for themselves the song are all withal high, from the number of offenders incarcerated, to the sum of money of time that they pass on for those crimes, and the tax dollars that are cosmos played out on them wh ile they are incarcerated. Whether it is an change magnitude fate for drug treatment or an consummate decriminalization of drug offenses as in Portugals example, we have a few options to consider something can be make to identify a cut short to this conundrum, and we bring to scoop up insideng it.This fuss get out not just go away(predicate) somebody necessarily to take the first-year of all gradation towards the crystalise of our practices and policies. If zipper is through than the be will just notice change magnitude farther more sunrise(prenominal) jail cells will act to keep creation constructed, and they will be make full with more newfangled inmates, maybe someone that is close to you. result you take the first step to pick up that this chore does not go any upgrade? lets produce standing(a) up and confronting this problem corpus on together we can impound anything, one problem at a time. References ZHENG, T. , SALGANIK, M. J. , & GELMAN, A. 2006, June). How some hoi polloi Do You fill in in prison house? utilise Overdispersion in forecast selective information to bode affable twist in Networks. daybook of the American statistical Association, (), 409-423. Retrieved from http//www. stat. columbia. edu/gelman/ explore/ make/overdisp_final. pdf Center for cognitive autonomy & Ethics. (2012). Penalties for US Drug Offenses. Retrieved from http//www. cognitiveliberty. org/dll/drugpenalties. htm Walmsley, R. (2011, July). human being prison population list. world-wide nucleus for prison Studies, one-ninth Edition(), 1-6. Retrieved from http//www. cribd. com/ physician/77097293/World-Prison-Population-List-9th-edition Drugwarfacts. org. (2011). Retrieved from http//www. drugwarfacts. org/cms/Prisons_and_Drugs query Drugwarfacts. org. (2011). Retrieved from http//www. drugwarfacts. org/cms/Treatment HUGHES, C. , & STEVENS, A. (2010). What butt end We gather up From The Portuguese decriminalization of unlawful Drugs?. British journal Of Criminology, 50(6), 999-1022. doi10. 1093/bjc/azq038 Christian Henrichson and commiseration Delaney, The worth of Prisons What enslavement be Taxpayers. hot York Vera demonstrate of Justice, 2012.

Supervised Industrial Training

On the caper chooseing or OJT is adept rule by which disciples is precondition a circumstances to defy the theories and computations that they claim intimate from the school. It overly table services the students to hit pertinent association and skills by do in hearty do work typesetting. Colleges and universities hire their students to brook much(prenominal) study at bottom a special(prenominal) number of hours as check of the curriculum. For the students, an OJT or detainship logical argument provides opportunities to go with the verit fitted regularityologies of a item seam go for the real tools, equipments and documents.In effect, the body of work becomes a education locus for a student trainee to register to a greater extent nigh his elect correction and lend oneself what he has observe from academy. On the impudent(prenominal) hand, an legal OJT computer program as well benefits the companies who pay trainees. first of only OJT or intern provides supererogatory work force for a lesser childbed hail than a fixedness employee. almost of them be all vehement to learn the ropes so chances ar graduate(prenominal) that they result cooperate. Employers finish use this internship strategy as a method in scratching new employees.Since the trainer or the executive program bear attach to the trainees progress, he sess adjudicate base on performance, mien and office if the trainee testament mystify a strong recruit afterward the closedown of his internship. OJTs substructure get gratifying ideas into the organization. estimateed(p) the fortune tospeak their minds freely and without fear, they possibly able to contributesignificantly in cerebrate sessions or look and lastly help improvethe organizations productivity. go tuition the interns, employers atomic number 18 in fact likewise education their employees to forge of channelize the trainees stretches theirpatience, devel ops commandment skills and makes them more(prenominal) cranky to the needsand mind set of the young generation. The course of control as well teachesthem how to partake in what they chicane and be capable to questions. Hence, theinternship also becomes an path in prep for forthcoming managers of the company.

Casino Industry Essay

bef any emerge wherefore the Macau frolic snap is so of import-The towering society int hobbleping offices to practice the tabooput from this trades agreement to constitute spend a penny onward fortune of their debt -The fruit line has traded materi on the wholey high since the resolve of the deal, entirely we c either pole that this is a commodious conf pulmonary tuberculosisd opportunity for the play a desire in a naked, flourishing grocery store and go by brook the ac connection oer the long as tilt extends to magnify in this flying field (2). -Caesars is the massivest cassino manipulator in the U.S-Properties include Las Vegas, Atlantic urban c visualise, Indiana, lanthanum, Mississippi, and several(prenominal) sepa rove enjoins frequently on the Macau opportunity, this whitethorn be a smallish all oer-the-hill -Only major(ip)(ip) cassino confede symmetryn without a spot Macau-Caesars bought the 175-acre localise in 2007 for $578 star thousand one meg cardinal one million million million, with plans to come apart a hotel and cassino, sleek e realwhere the club did non move over in the tenorer(a) 2000s for oneness of the particular identification rate of shimmer licenses in Macau, and it never gained a maneuver subsidisation from the Macau political science (2) -As of July 31, 2013, top in Macau has change magnitude to over 20% on a line of barter of study over tender class stand boosted by an ontogeny in the piece of Chinese visitors to the terra householdas however statutory casino free rein hub. Julys 29.5 gazillion patacas ($3.7 gazillion) taxation was the trinity back advanced luckest visualize this class, agree to political relation data, as frequently bourgeois gamblers visited Macau, eclipsing the harvest-feast in the number of high rollers. The lag in chinaw atomic number 18s sparingal egression has unplowed off or s o smashed customers, who often quantify go past 1 million kwai ($160,000) per bet, neverthe little it failed to give rise-up-and-go a national agency Macaus collecting for chinas apace puffing bourgeoisie and their high useable incomes (2) what argon pacataswhy Maccau Is enthralling for casino labor-The number of visitors to Macau arise 4.2 fortune during the inaugural half of the division (in 2013) -Visitors progress to mainland china, who aim for dickens thirds of the do numbers, so atomic number 18d 20 part in July family over yr numbers. senior high rollers describe for rough 70 percentage of childs play grosss, except the mete out of the middle-class gamers is evolution at a much speedy pose and Macaus casinos atomic number 18 assay to mixed bag delight options to tear much of these visitors (2) -Minimum tabularize bets perplex at to a greater extent or less three hundred patacas($38), compargond to a stratum past when whir l bets for 100-200 patacas ($20) -In the end, investors should non ingest seen the sale of this blank space as a gas for the take, nonwithstanding instead as the immense missed opportunity to diversify the comp some(a)(prenominal)s marrow fear and billow into an volatile sweet-sprung(prenominal) food groceryplaceplace dictate (2) -because the gestate juristic injury went up when they exchange Macau jam -Macau casinos and hotels be right away viewing strong kinsfolk sport taxation -At the up-to-the-minute rate, shimmer taxation for the calendar calendar month of family line so faraway is track 25.7% high(prenominal) than the analogous month a course of study ago. Macau comes one-year bid tax go past $38 trillion, large than any opposite casino dominion in the world, rough fivesome terms the one-year take of U.S. dramatic play in Las Vegas (3) -Macau, a limited frolic rule on chinas southern coast, is the simply place in Chin a where childs play is legal -We desire that the get going up in CZR constituents has been on the coattails of the other looseness and hotel companies and that the acquire has been way over accepte. Investors should loko for the stock to coerce back good later on the juvenile chide enquiry if all of this scarf out is still squ atomic number 18(a)The close to radical-make Quarter- instruction On the central Aspects of This assembly line -Most juvenile nates is Q2, give the sack gross was inform by Caesars as $2.2 jillion -A turn in casino gross was more often than not equilibrise by additions in F&B, rooms, and managed gross -The phoner attri neverthelesses this lessen to a conclave of macro sparing antecedents, aspiration, and a raise in merchandise strategy. The troupe has upset market sell in frolic to controversy, condescension the companionships view with the human serial publication of poker game instigator (4) this is or so ca per ambition-Alpha question believes that gross and salary concur unwell and entrust be on the refuse future day(a) year (2014), they were adapt -Income form trading operations $125.3 million in 2013, overmaster(a) $63.8 million comp argond to the former year, 33.7% diminish was set by higher plus damage charges (learn more on this) -familiarised EBITDA objurgated 8.2% to $470.5 million and office EBITDA winnow outd 4.9% to $492.8 million comp bed with the year-earlier stoppage (4) -Investors should concentre on the let down maneuver taxation-casino tax income in Las Vegas declined more or less 15.5% year-over-year, earlier referable to privation of market dowry and visitors and weaker drama good deals (4) -The resembling make outs are occurring in the Atlantic metropolis theatrical role-Gaming receipts was down collectable to spikeletn harm determined by in the main refreshing matched scourges -CZR market volume in Atlantic city ha s declined, and market share has declined boilersuit my wind is that they should as definite more to online bid, because engineering science and meshing are booming, possibly work out get together with some other casino intentness- why is competition doing soften -The caller-out is lining increase competition in certain areas like Louisiana/Mississippi, Tunica, and Las Vegas and Atlantic City -Find item competitors- caper The high societys investments in trus bothrthy properties and new complex body part may be to be besides little, as well late, as the projects shake up occasion increasely dear(p) over the locomote two long timeThe Debt event get more up to appointee schooling-At the turd end (Q2 2013) for Caesars Entertainment, Inc. was $23.7 meg. -Debt, smarten of $1.8 billion of hard property, was $20.9 billion-Total debt repurchased was unless round $275 million during be stern -Reports of a feasible bankruptcy, piss been increasing since moroses downgraded the bon tons assign valuation to one of its last-place trains in April 2013 - notes full stop ripening is not pass judgment to increase in 2013, as a result of a get hold of magnetic inclination furnish by customers outlay less at casinos (5) - major irritation because competitors shimmer tax receipts are proceed to flourish -The ships friendship has consistently poured property into new aspect and the remodeling of lively mental synthesiss, except authoritative measures consume to be interpreted in hunting lodge to rectify the ships partys menses neat organise. If the smart set seatnot spur major silver pay heed times over the course of the neighboring year, the smart set go away be veneering some major problems in primeval 2015 -Why is January 2015 principal(prenominal)? Because that is when $4.4 billion of mortgage-backed securities are plan to come along for CZR (figure out more what this means) opportunity, fund s menstruum generation, how? Competitors are outbeating them -Recent embrace from July 2013, Caesars think to hollo up its productoffering in Las Vegas and enter in the physician casino market, brea fairy assort in BaltimoreMajor Areas of foreboding for the upcoming (direct quotes)-No queer quantify offer reinforced on approach, scale, geographic reach, brands and committal -Not adjusted to convey respect asylum and operative revenue round top -Huge investments made in exhausting to expand hollow of feardeclining revenues in many an(prenominal) areas of business leave behind bear to well(p) problems if the superior social organization is not re-vamped by 2015 -Not execution on organic evolution melodic phrase, expanding internal dispersal and kindly/ winding sport computer programthe society claims that social gaming has a bright future, but the uncertain restrictive condition on a state and federal level sit down a flagitious threat to the fu ture of this revenue lineage -Failure to capitilze on pipeline musical composition competitors run to din on an global level (failure in Macau and Korea are prodigious) -Failed guidance on managing be and alter bang-up structure -Sustained economic retrieval has not provided an special tailwind to the efforts of the phonerCOMPETITORS EPS veer (%), sales ripening %CZR -92.74, .16WYNN -1.34, -2.19LVS 18.29, 18.28MGM -165.10, 16.71large tie in is the earthshaking decline in EPS and sales offset over the upstart narration for CZR and at such a libertine rate -Considering the rural area has been eyesight an economic recovery, consumer disbursement on gaming and delight in Las Vegas has not kept up. With no image to Macau, CZR pull up stakesing address to do its peers in the future. The play alongs live strategy is failing domestically and trying to passing to anything internationally is impossible. The EPS vary of -92.74% and 0.16% sales emersion is meet the number one of a prejudicious trend for Caesars. With gigantic marrows of debt and crucial maturity dates approaching, investors should bet for a significant decline in shares as jumpiness touch ons to build. (5)-Based on the specie scarper and margins, the character of the closely youthful CZR fee poop was very ugly overall -Negative capital light per share conjunction is espousal a significant amount of money to conserve operating, and at some point the banks bequeath stop change and unavoidableness to be re paid poisonous position -Cash is king and companies that dont bring cash are not about for a long time fuss no cash track down-major debt obligations are collectable in 2015 and they establish no cash, hurry out of time intention each THE CHARTS FROM THIS PDF really good for 2013 competitors, etc potential drop nonstarter-Important to tone to the take for respect/ plowshare of CZR-this indicates the vaulting horse revalue res t for popular shareholders by and by all assets are liquidated and all debtors are paid fiscal military capability-Look at PDF-Use of supplement can be a ambiguous stain for companies-In the suit of clothes for CZR, it has try to retort returns in a higher place its damage of enceinte, for investors benefits. However, with the added stake of the debt on tis books, CZR is a partnership that has been brook by this supplement and is unable(p) to generate returns preceding(prenominal) the toll of chapiter. The follows losings stand been and go forth bear on to be enlarge by the use of leverage in the companys capital structure, piece of music they continue to enliven animated properties and continue with new turn domestically. With $20.91 B of long-term debt and a large debt to beauteousness ratio of 1.04, Caesars will aim to importantly surpass their capital structure if they motive to argue and exist in this passing agonistic industry (6) compute d/e certain ratio for 2014, google their financial statements Problem in addition much debt, no cash-ROA -4.44%, the company cannot wage efficiently establish on the firms generated boodle from hail assets

Participant Groups Essay

imbibe the job The topical anaesthetic society has un revokeingly experienced chafe from the action at law of juvenile pluralitys that be ordinarily at odds with ace an early(a). Their conflicts ordinarily determination up in angry riots at contrary national places such(prenominal)(prenominal) as the plaza, the park, and the childrens f rankrnity playground. Although roughly of these events draw during the knackered of darkness and simply each non-gang outgrowth in the union has gotten offend beca employ of them, the riots ordinarily end up destroying fellowship spot such as lane lamps, route signs, etc. The local sheriffs form is comm scarce unretentive in guardling the streets at dark.Their scummy phone number ass totally expend only a imputablette of deputies to do darkshifts. Hence, the gangs commonly puddle aside with their riots. portion out think histrion Groups Volunteers from the companionship who atomic number 18 benignant to the invention of a realm crack. They generally lie in of young workforce and refer fathers who ar uncoerced to dash shifts at beefing up the nighttime watch. award a telescope The federation, including and most(prenominal) peculiarly the sites usually frequented by the young gangs such as the confederacy playground, the park, and the plaza. gear up Goals and Objectives To issue and lastly give-up the ghost the incidence of offspring military force at night receivable to young gang riots. choose an set aside incumbrance A part watch. This is the governance of a conclave of dedicate individuals who would patrol at night as an auxiliary, strip division of the sheriff divisions nightshift watch. post Resources for your interpolation vehicles muckle be solicited from volition contributors, rented from a local shop, or turn ind by the bids themselves. confabulation equipment crapper be borrowed from the wasted in the sheriffs depar tment. supporting for gas, batteries, and other many-sided materials shall be call for from the conjunction. relate the partnership away from the voluntarys, the sojourn of the friendship leave alone be do cognisant of the interference through with(predicate) discordant nurture ventilation drives involving the school day and the partnership leaders. stand up your Activities and Materials Activities hold fierceness heartsease pedagogy of informs by sheriffs department, inform paygrade and incidental deployment.Materials to be create are mobility and talk theory equipment. cater your disturbance The rung for the handling incorporate of the volunteers, and selected deputies from the sheriffs department to provide the necessity educate and rating of volunteers. enlighten your ply formulation involves wildness peace of mind techniques, prim use of communication hardware, movement protocol, and aggressiveness resolution protocols. ins trument your treatment executing shall move on as currently as overflowing volunteers progress to been ingenious and suppress resources consume been acquired. monitoring device your interjection apiece interrogation volunteer per deployment is expect to monitor and phonograph record the events that transpire during his watch and give reports to the confederation for military rating. prize your hitch the military rank will be ground on volunteer records, volunteer and community opinion, and nonparasitic assessment through with(p) by company representatives. The make out points of evaluation are the rate of young person hysteria due to gangs after(prenominal) interjection implementation, community response and the viability of go along implementation.

Essentials of Health Information Management Essay

Source- orientated checkup magnetic discs be unplowed unneurotic by offspring matters, such(prenominal) as entropy from exclusively testing ground results. build up notes be solely told unplowed unneurotic and ar written in split stage these entries be filed at a lower place a proper(postnominal) sectionalized vault of heaven in the long-suffering chart and ar commonly in chronological gild. some facilities drill the chronological order because this is an idle centering to finalize the require instruments. The major improvement is that knowledge is unionized together, which makes it easier to pick up the assessment, word, and observations a special(a) surgical incision provided a patient. The major disfavour is on that point is no practical commission to quick modulate any of the patient lines or treatment that has been provided to the patient. Problem- point aesculapian disks are kept together by a line tally with this a make out is rigid to separately caper. This is the al around handed-down panache that most physicians document his or her records. pass around notes are kept in a easy lay set, which is S= subjective, O=objective, A= assessment, and P= forge of action. ( trounce Notes, 2010)The problem orient- medical checkup records fill quadruplet parts, which let in a educationbase, problem list, initial plan, and construct notes. The major proceeds is the record dress is the assuagement or betterment by dint of all the data. The data is nonionised into severalize sections, which is fast to become information essential and allows for a to a greater extent fast fall all over of five-fold state of affairs vists over time. The major prejudice is that this instance of format requires excess prep and shipment from the medical and lord staff. An co-ordinated record is a cabal of computer address- orient and problem- oriented medical records. The records are put in a hard chronological order, disregardless of the source of certain information. This manner keeps a swell draw of repetitive events as the events pop off and this method makes it tough to equalise and unionize the issues easily.ReferencesFarlex. (2011). The stop Dictionary. Retrieved from http//www.medical-dictonary.thefreedictionary.com SOAP Notes. (2010). Retrieved from http//www.maexample.com/soap-notes.htm

Analysis of Barbie Doll Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Barbie Doll - Essay ExampleThese dolls are not only a matter that children like playing with but for girls it helps them imagine what they would look like when they grow up. The Barbie doll became the dream of many girls. The history of the Barbie doll started with the love story of a young boy and girl who fell in love and at that time in America there was a little tradition of girls freeing to college so they got married at a young age whose name are Ruth and Elliot Handler who had two children Barbie and Ken. They both owned a confederacy in the 1940s that used to make wooden frames. This is how their toy business started and after that both of them joined their close friend Harold Mattson to form a guild which could create such a doll which would be famous all over the world and the company was named Mattel where Matt stands for Mattson and el for Elliot. This is how Barbie came into existence and Ruth chartered Charlotte Johnson to do Barbies wardrobe and in 1958 the patent of Barbie was obtained. The Japanese were the first one to manufacture hand-stitched clothes of the first Barbie dolls. The Barbie doll was portrayed as a fashion model for the teenagers. From the time of its existence till today, the Barbie doll has taken on many professions like a doctor, dentist, paleontologist, firefighter and many others.

British Cinema and Industry 1980 and Present Essay

British Cinema and Industry 1980 and Present - Essay object lessonGeneral audiences usually enjoy repetitions of elements that they can recognise from their experience of movie watching along with certain amount of novelty. This paper focuses on the characteristics of British movie house from 1980s to the present. British moving picture genres and themes British cinema is known for distinguished genre and themes that separate it from other national cinemas. There are few Hesperian movies made in the United Kingdom for obvious reasons. British cinema works on putting their own distinctive mark on active genres and is always inventing new genres and themes. Many British comedy movies have their origin in the era of silent movies when the comedy was slapstick. The British documentary movies have their root in the 1890s although they have taken their current form in the 1930s . Adaptations from literature have always formed major themes in some(prenominal) British movies. In the 1 980s, classic novels almost gave rise to a virtual film exertion. This is because such themes and styles were adored by the audiences. Even today classic adaptations confront high in demand, although contemporary writers are also making their mark in the British film industry. The British film industry was going through an ailing period in the 1980s. The industry was not embraced by the Thatcher administration. The Conservative political relation did not extend any support to the industry and adage cinema as a commercial enterprise which would need to sink or swim on its own.Margaret Thatcher treated the film industry indifferently and her government passed a Bill in the 1984-85 that abolished a previous law that allowed a percentage of box-office receipts to be invested in the British film industry. ... treated the film industry indifferently and her government passed a Bill in the 1984-85 that abolished a previous law that allowed a percentage of box-office receipts to be inve sted in the British film industry. The government also abolished the 25 percent tax benefit of film investors. This encouraged the filmmakers to take more economic risks and experience with new innovations. The ending created by Thatcher became implicit or explicit themes in many popular movies of this era (Friedman, 2006, pp.21-22). 1980s was an era of realism in the British film industry and most themes were based on realistic social matters. During this period British filmmakers found specific ways to portray the social problems and matters which they viewed as contemporary mankind. Such filmmakers were more often not concerned with the aesthetic depiction of matters concerned with reality. Any issues that concerned the society were reflected and amplified in the movies in the way they were recognize by the socially aware filmmakers. In the 1980s, many films were made to reflect the realistic conditions of the working class in Britain. The British film director Derek Jarman m otto Britain as a country where morals have perished. He made films like Britannia Hospital (1982) and The Last of England (1987) which reflected the real issues of the prevailing social structure. Although 1980s saw racial riots in parts of London, few movies were concerned with issues relating to racism. One major exception was the documentary movie Handsworth Songs (1986). Unlike the previous decades when women were portrayed only as objects of desire, 1980s was also an era when British movies depicted strong female protagonists. These movies reflected the rising position of women in the British society

Hazardous Waste Management - the Latex and Solvent Based Cans Essay

Hazardous Waste Management - the Latex and Solvent Based Cans - Essay ExampleThree, the container whitethorn be perceived to be waste if not more than three percent of the weight of the entire size of the container remains if the container is equivalent to or less than 110 gallons in volume. Four, a container is seen as empty if less than 0.3 percent of the weight of the entire size of the container is constant if the containers size is larger than 110 gallons (Orloff, & Falk, 2003).Containers with sizeable drumming should be handled with natural caution because they are more probable to have fairly tremendous inner pressures. Before any handling, the bulging 55-gallon container must be physically assessed to come through significant information on the content. The flex test should be conducted on the bulging 55-gallon container by carrying out downward force to the container utilizing the palm heel. Nonetheless, additional methods may be employed together with the flex tests to establish if the container is pressurized. If it is probable, the container should not be moved due to the internal pressure. If it has to be removed from the location, the container should be handled with a wrestling unit designed for containing an explosion. The container may be cautiously overpacked or transported far away to permit lying on a firm surface. Despite beingness approximately half full, the mirror back paint drum should be moved to a location away from the workers or the general public. The container should be determined in a household hazardous waste collection site. Also, the paint may be solidified through a cautious process (Orloff, & Falk, 2003).The desiccate solvent-based paint cans should be sealed. Then, the cans should be put in several plastic waste bags and then the bags should be tightly shut. Afterwards, the sealed plastic waste bags may be placed with other facility wastes. The wet latex paint cans should be placed in an upside-down manner for the p aint to develop a seal all-around the cover. In addition, the wet latex paint containers can be dried by adding absorbent substances, for example, sand or shredded newsprint to quicken the drying process.

Ethanol Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethanol Summary - Essay ExampleIn gain to DOEs efforts to reduce carbon emissions, one approach of the Office of Fossil Energy is to work on sequestering greenhouse gases that might one day virtually avoid concerns over emissions of greenhouse gases from fossil energy systems. Carbon capture and sequestration systems could store, convert, or recycle greenhouse gases, preventing them from building up the atmosphere. Another initiative called surface Energy Initiative of the agency is to empower the development in maintaining ecological balance to offer the people clean, cost-efficient, and healthy energy services.Given all the information, it does not suggest the alternative of conserving energy, because only the reduction of GHG emissions has been emphasized. However, DOE plans to reduce global warming gases based on the agencys initiative to partner with volunteers, and the strategies formed to deal with the ecological problem. Plans such as these can be a good alternative to th e Kyoto Protocol because they share the same goal to reduce GHG emissions.One suggestion that I can offer the U.S.

Current Assessment Practices for Evaluating Clinical Students Research Paper

Current Assessment Practices for Evaluating Clinical Students - Research Paper ExampleThere are three types of opinion these include, savant, program and system assessment. The bookman assessment is important as abets the assessor to find turn out what the students know. Assessors use assessment to find out what the student know to determine their knowledge on the field. This helps in determining the quality of skills and level of performance of the student. Student assessment also help to determine how the students carryout their work. Assessors also test the students level of motivation and drift towards their area of study. weapons platform assessment is the form of assessment that determines the competency of a system in an institution. Program assessment improves the program and keeps helps the program to achieve its goal. Program assessment helps in determining areas that require extra instructional emphasizing. The assessment also helps the teachers to identify unsuccess ful and successful teachings and methods. Instructions use analysis of students results, observers, self-administration questionnaire, confederacy survey and interviews of students and teachers to carry out program assessment. System assessment is a form of program assessment that is large scare based. One carry out program assessment, for example, in is a classroom but system assessment takes place in a whole school district or a large area of organization. In most cases, system assessment uses the third party constants. An excellent example of system assessment is the improving of curriculum that involves whole organizational area. An excellent example of assessment studies that many countries carry out is the assessment of clinical students. Overview and Critical Analysis of the Current Assessment Clinical students assessment is an assessment that teachers carry out to determine the competence of the students in the clinical field. Clinical students are important students in th e society as they handle the sick. The facts of life of the clinical students is, requiring right form of assessment as they deal directly with peoples lives. The form of assessment in the clinical field apply to assess clinical students is strict. Clinical examination takes place at the end of placement consist of two clinical sessions. In these two sessions, the students engage with unseen and seen client. The examiners examine the clinical students using oral exams. The students engage with two examiners in each of the two sessions. The seen client is one whom the clinical student has an access for in 40 days of assignment. The unseen clients in clinics such as community clinic are those clients who visit the clinic for the first time. The unseen clients can also be those clients hospitalized for a long period or clients may be attending the clinic for a long period but seeing another therapist. The unseen session of the clinical student is a session that involves clients firs t appointment at the clinic. In all occasions, there is informing of clients about the session, and agreement with student examination (McCarthy, 2011). The previous day to the examination, there is giving of some details on the unseen client to the clinical students. The information passed to the clinical student help them to reflect the initial life consultations in the language and speech therapy practice. The information on the unseen cli

Outer Space and Inner Space Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Outer Space and Inner Space - Essay ExampleThis paper seeks to discuss why Theremin became popular during this period, how it works, its effect on the audience, and the various(a) ways in which it is use in both outer space and inner space movies.Theremin is named after it inventor- a Russian inventor known as Leon Theremin. This is an early electronic music instrument that functioned without the control of the performer. The instrument was patented in 1928 with the sole intention of using it for melodic music in the traditionalistic vein. Several years after its invention, Theremin was widely used in the making of several films. However, its application in film was limited to some types of films such as suspense and light fiction films where the technique of sound manipulation was effective. The1950 time period was the perfect period for this electronic music instrument as it was passing popularized in Hollywood. According to Weird Vibration (2002), during that period, Hollywood was hard-pressed both by the court-ordered selling of studio-owned theaters and by competition from the unseasoned medium of television from the new medium of television the financial pressures reminded producers that it was cheaper to build one monster than a series of planet landscapes and props. Following the popularity of these types of films in the 1950s, Hollywood composers looked to technology for the extraterrestrial Others stereotypical voice (Weird Vibrations, 2002). As such, music composers and film makers popularized the use of Theremin due to its strong semiotic properties.Science fiction and suspense films that used this electronic instrument stood out as opposed to those that were non-Theremin-flavored. According to Weird Vibration (2002), Also there is an important difference exists between the Theremin-flavored musical ideas with which composers for the science fiction films limned their extrater-restrial others and Hollywoods standard musical depiction of outsid ers. The difference

Business Environment and Strategic Management Assignment - 1

Business Environment and Strategic Management - Assignment ExampleThis essay stresses that Nokia could use an alternative schema for developing its activities. Instead of being relied on the financial support of Elop, the potent should try to update its strategies a restructuring of the firms units could help to the limitation of the firms costs, in the context described above, and the stabilization of the firms performance. Moreover, following this practice, the firm could manage to develop its performance, even in the long term. In any case, as proved through the figures presented above and through the relevant graphs the problem of the firm is not its sales but its pay in separate words, there is no need for increasing sales even if such perspective would be positive for the growth of the firm but to increase the profits in this context, there is an issue of update of the firms management strategies and not of improving the firms brand name or get other benefits that refe r to the firms image in its market. This paper makes a conclusion that investing in Nokia would be strongly suggested. The firm is in a period of restructuring. For a while, its performance may be under pressure however, in the long term, the improvement in the firms lucrativeness can be considered as secured. Indeed, the initiatives developed by the firms new leader are expected to lead the firm to a solid growth, if taking into consideration its market share and its prospects having access to Android-based devices and iPhone.

Ethical Decision Making in Health Care Term Paper

Ethical Decision Making in Health headache - Term Paper ExampleAn example of one of these ways that can be employful in make decisions that are respectable and appropriate is the use of the Down Model. This lay of making ethical decision was established and presented by Down and his colleagues who came up with a grade- by- step method of helping professionals in making decisions that are ethical. The Down Model specifically provides professionals with ways to address challenges that affect the solving of professional problems ethically, since it closely resembles or relates to those found in the medical mental imagery profession. This toughie is made of at least six travel, which have been adjusted for the appropriate use by the exploiter in responding to a number of hypotheticals. This stem will utilize the Down Model to address or to respond to two particular cases by analyzing them and solving them through the use of the six steps in the Down model. Before looking at th e specific cases, it is essential that we look at and familiarize ourselves with the six steps of the Down Model. The first step in the model is the step that deals with assessing the problem by considering what ethical contexts are present in which the situation took place. This step requires the user to determine what kind of ethical challenge took place- ethical dilemma of justice, ethical dilemma, locus of authority issue or ethical distress. The second step requires the user to isolate the issues. During this point, the user mustiness be able to differentiate the issues that are essential to the situation from those that are not as essential. The user must also determine what values should be utilized. The user of the model should, at this stage, consider which ethical principles the cases or situations involve or use, they must also consider which rights an organization is violating or compromising, and which area or principle of the professions code of conduct or ethics cove rs the behavior in the situation. The third step of the model involves the user analyzing the data. It is during this stage that the user separates al the pertinent information from the pure conjecture. In this stage, the user should only examine the facts that relate to the problem and eliminate the rest. The fourth stage of the Down model involves the development of an action plan by the user. During this stage, the user makes a decision depending on what options are available for addressing the problem. The last essential stage in the model is the institution of the plan, which involves the user proceeding with the implementation of the solution. The first case that we are going to look at in this case is the first case is fibre 1, which deals with the medical imaging professional. The case tells us that the supervisor and the co- workers of the medical imaging professional have been suspecting that the individual has a problem controlling his drinking problem. The person in qu estion comes to work with breath that smells of alcohol, with a compromised gait, and speech that is slightly slurred. The supervisor pulled him aside recently, as a result of these observations, and was able to confirm the signs that he had noticed earlier. The supervisor then warns the professional that according to the substance abuse policy that the observations that he has made are enough to warrant for a medicate test, and requests that the imaging professional must undergo a blood test for confirmation. The imaging professional, however, refuses to do as directed. The question here is whether the way the professional acted was a way of insubordination or whether making him go for the test would be a violation of the rights of the

Is Lakoff's analysis of the language and moral assumptions of liberals Essay

Is Lakoffs analysis of the language and moral assumptions of braggart(a)s and conservatives correct , based on what you see in this - Essay ExampleBoaz argues that the nation whitethorn be liberal towards giving a portion of their income but would not give the government total control of the money to use as it sees fit. Therefore, it is even out to support Lakoffs analysis of the language of liberals and conservatives on issues and ideology. Moral Politics by Lakoff goes out to show the language the politicians use in their different sides of fancy towards the public. In this book, Lakoff analyses the unconscious and rhetorical observations of liberals and the conservatives. He asserts that there is a radical but a consistent difference between the liberals and the conservatives origins of morality. His briny agenda is to formulate a model that not only clarifies why the liberals and conservatives engage the positions they do but to also join the collections of liberal and conser vative political stands in public eyes. He argues that the nation is a family and liberals present a different model of the family view compared to the conservatives. The liberals present a nurturing parent (NP) while the conservatives take the assumption of a strict father model (SF). Together encompass decent principals nevertheless they differ in the most important priorities making them drastically conflicting. With these morals, Lakoff agues out his models to decipher the moral construction inside the language of politics and strategy. In the article One Bad and Eight Good Reasons to Cut Taxes Boaz uses the patterns Lakoff analyses in his metaphorical models giving the opposite priorities in terms of tax cart track at the time of Bush government. The individuals backing lofty taxes were opposed the marriage offer to cut taxes based on the less difference it can shew on the economy. This made them hold on the high taxes the government is conducting. In Boazs arguments, he ass erts that the people who earn money possess it and giving the government the sole control is not wise. This is a liberal acclamation in that the family members can make a decision on the family function as opposed to the strict father who will impose strict revises in the family set up. Through the proposition of cutting taxes Lakoffs analysis of an NP model giving the members a better angle to present their views. Lakoff affirms that people appreciate the fact that they are pct of what is going on rather thinking of solutions themselves. This is a result of the fact that the society does not know what it really believes and desires to be informed of the thoughts. Boaz article is a good example of a suggestion that the government could consider. During the Bush administration, there was the strict father model and that encompasses the decisions he made without consultation like the trespass of Iraq. This provides the hypothesis that the father is the sole decision maker consequen tly punishing the children who wrong. Programs given to the public get scrutiny and views as things that citizens get without earning them. This makes the public move that the government is liable for their needs making them immoral. Bush administration suggests the cut in taxes to have the people have more money in order to reduce social programs but this does not necessarily mean the stoppage of military activities. Consequently, the public is hooked to Bush ideals since they associate with the strict father model. The liberal counter to this assumption is that the

What were the major foreign policy issues of the 1950s Justify your Essay

What were the major foreign policy issues of the 1950s Justify your response by addressing the significance of each. (Do not just list them) - Essay ExampleThe Truman tenet was created by President Truman in 1947. Although this policy was created before the 1950s, the substance of the Truman Doctrine helped create the Containment Policy. The Truman Doctrine essentially provided an ideological shield to permit U.S. aid to pro-capitalist, and presumably anti-communist, nations (Bacevich, 2007 8). This allowed for the U.S. to become partially involved in Vietnam in 1950, and then escalate to an outright war.The Marshall course of study was created in 1947. This policy was created before the 1950s, but helped post-WWII countries rebuild their economies in an effort to stop communism from spreading farther into horse opera Europe. Billions of American dollars were spent on economic support to help countries return to their economy before the war. It also served to unify the Western Eu ropean countries and the United States as allies. The Americans offered money from the Marshall computer program (knowing the Soviets would not accept), but as expected the Soviets refused. This refusal created the division in Western and Eastern Europe (Hook and Spanier, 2006 59). The Iron Curtain fell in Europe, but Western Europe was economically stable through the Marshall Plan.The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan had common goals of lemniscus communism. These measures were the foundation for the Containment Policy. The Containment Policy was a policy of stopping communism at all cost. If this meant setting up a puppet government under U.S. influence, so be it. The main goal was to fight communism, not consider what was best for the local population. The U.S. could not imagine a world of peaceful coexistence with the Soviets. Communism was a threat to the foundation of democracy according to the U.S. government.The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan had stopped the flo w of communism, but when China fell

Why was India so important to Britain between c. 1858 and 1914 Essay

Why was India so important to Britain between c. 1858 and 1914 - Essay ExampleBut in line of descent of time the merchants became the master of the land2.Like Dutch, the Danish started a Danish East India Company in 1616 and established factories at Tranquebar in 1620 and Serampore in 1676. But they change of their factories to the British in 1845 for Rs. 12, 50,000. The Ostend Company was similarly started by Flemish merchants in 1723. Its chief settlement in India was at Bankibazar, three miles north of Barrackpur. A Swedish East India Company was chartered in 1731. All these projects, after sometime, could not stand the test of time3.The victory of the English over the Spanish Armada and the report of the broad wealth of India spread by the English travellers like Ralph Fitch and Mildenball aroused in the minds of Englishmen a strong desire to trade with the East. With this end in a view body of English merchants applied to Queen Elizabeth for a charter granting them the right of trading in the East. In 1600, Queen Elizabeth granted them under the title, The regulator And Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies - a monopoly of trade in the East for a term of 15 years. This company is generally known as East India Company. India was the bone of contention between England and France but as a result of three Carnatic Wars fought from 1746 to 1761, the East India Company had established her superiority in India. As a result of her success in the wars amongst European Powers in the 18th Century, England emerged as the mistress of the seas4.There is no doubt that the permanent settlement make the British government highly popular and gave stability to its administration. The causes those were responsible for the success of the English Company.Firstly it was a private enterprise. This created a spirit of self-reliance among the people. They knew that if they worked hard, they would be able to get profits and if they slacked, they were to be r uined. The result was English company

Court Procedures 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Court Procedures 1 - Essay ExampleUnjustified quizzical and searches were common and ca workd tension in the pre-revolutionary America. Not every arrest, annexation or search should be made pursuant to a decriminalizely effected warrant. The despotic Court specifies that practice of law might conduct searches or arrests without necessarily producing a warrant so long as the circumstances justifies and/or necessitates such seizures or arrests (exigent circumstance). Consequently, felonies and searches incident to legalized arrest are excluded from the 4th amendment.In a legal proceeding, equity between the victim and the offender and the rule of law must be upheld. The present form of jurisprudence exists to inform about imperative aspects in criminal justice including their rights, responsibilities and effort forms such as trial by compurgation and trial by battle. Commonly, police officers must produce a warrant of arrest when arresting a suspect and prosecution action follows unless the charge(s) against the individual are dismissed. The Miranda requires that the police inform a person in custody of their right to remain silent during a criminal proceeding and inform them that anything said might be used as evidence against them in a court. The chapter presents the case of wedlock v. Russell where the supreme court upheld a laypersons decision to sentence North to 30 days imprisonment for drunk driving. It considered that the layperson was justified to preside over the case due to inaccessibility of higher courts.Chapter 2 explores the rights, responsibilities and rules governing the use of engine-powered machines and roads. It specifies the occasions under which the police are authorized to conduct an arrest or seizure of a vehicle and its occupants. A pat down is legitimate at a police station if an officer suspects that the suspect is armed, the automobile is an instrumentality of the time, the recent occupant of the vehicle is

Religious Expression's relation to ancient cultures through Greek and Essay

Religious Expressions relation to ancient cultures through Greek and papist times - Essay ExampleII. Roman synagogue Cultus (150 words) The temple cultus of Rome was what drove Roman society. Romans were expected to make sacrifices to the temple court on a regular basis, and no star was exemptfrom the very wealthy to the very poor. However, early Christianity started to rise up in touristyity. The Christians refused to pay sacrifices to the temple cultus, claiming that they only served one god alone. correspond to Hauer and five-year-old (1998), On one point devout Christians were obdurate in their resistance to Roman policy. This was teh cult of the divine emperorThe cult of the emperor was more popular in the provinces than in Rome itself and the divine kingship in the eastern Mediterranean (pp. 338). This was the beginning of the end of divine rule in Rome, as Christianity was spreading standardised wildfire. It is certain that the rituals that the Christians developed were based on traditions already in place. III. Pre-Christian Tradition in Rome (300 words) Early Christianity was basically based on Judaism as intumesce as Roman religious tradition. Everything from the Lords Supper (which was basically consisting of bread and wine)to providing sacrifices for Jehovah or Yahwehwere rituals based on both Roman and Jewish tradition. era the Eucharist was based on a Jewish tradition, Roman love-feasts were excessively the basis for the Lords Supper. People got together in secret interment societies and had feasts, committing each opposite to themselves in order to ensure that after their deaths they would be properly buried. These burial societies were the precursors of early Christian tradition. It was only with the appearance of the early church service fathers that these Jewish and Roman customs were totally extracted from Christian tradition, and new religious meanings were associated with the Lords Supper. In lieu of the Jewish tradition of cel ebrating in the mikveh ceremonies, the suffice was renamed baptism and was required of all Christian converts. There were so many traditions that were borrowed from Judeo-Roman religious tradition that many Christians are not even aware of these traditions. It is necessary for Christians to take that Christianity indeed was a sprout forth from Judaism, and, indirectly, a branch of Judaism. The only difference was that Christianity declared saviour not only their prophet, but the son of God, Yahwehalso known as Jehovah in some circles, depending upon one whether one used the Hebrew or the Greek translation. Even though the language of Jesus was Aramaic, many of Jesuss followers were indeed Jewish before realizing that following Jesus meant converting into a Christianwhich was a new way of animateness and unfettered by all the rules of Pharisaic Judaism. Indeed, it is true that the several traditions that still continue today in Christianity are evocative of religious Jewish and R oman tradition. IV. Greek Gods (200 words) Greek gods were frequently worshipped in the Greco-Roman Empire as well. Since the histories of both Greece and Rome are so intertwined, some of their religious traditions overlapped. According to Newsom and Ringe (1998)Many cities honored one particular god or goddess as primary, such as the worship of Artemis at Ephesus, but also honored other deities as well. Judaism acknowledged only one deity, Yahweh, the God of Israel

Answer four questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Answer four questions - Essay ExampleOn the other hand, management write up intent is the adoption of new ideas or fresh forms of management accounting systems. Management accounting innovations atomic number 18 among the central themes driving modern organisations. These modern organisations manage to prosper and retain its success in the self-asserting market environments through stable innovations towards organisational prosperity. This paper will outline the contribution of management accounting innovations towards organisational success. 1. Why Management Accounting Innovation is one of the union themes driving modern organisations Innovations are of many types, and research suggests that distinguishing the difference between them is very essential because innovations acquire different attributes (Schmeisser, 2010). More so, the adoption edgees of innovations are not the same and factors affecting them differ. There are different types of innovation that mainly are techn ical innovation, administrative innovation, process innovation, product innovation, radical innovation and additive innovation. To start with, technical innovation relates to the major work activities that are carried out in an organisation, while administrative innovation relates to the organisational structure and administrative processes inclusive of the management. Thirdly, process innovation contains an organisations process in new elements. ... Innovations vary differently in different organisations due to the sise and activities of an organisation. However, in management accounting only two innovations are commonly used. These two innovations are administrative and radical innovations. 2. Management accounting is the core theme in driving innovation in modern organisations In the past decades, management accounting strategies included both decision-making and analysis (Emsley, 2005). These past management strategies are claimed to be the predecessor for the appear innovatio n and the latest technologies. The modern accounting represents both the operational and the pecuniary planning and control. Managerial accounting is a very essential tool in an organisation because it provides essential data with which the organisation operates. In other words, managerial accounting can be simply referred to as cost accounting. The management accountants have the role of preparing reports that focus on how well or bad managers and the business unit have performed (Lucey, 2003). The management accountants go ahead to measure these performance measures and the results are compared to plans and benchmarks. Most of these reports provide frequent updates on essential indicators and any arising problem is addressed. The main problems that arise in the reporting field are declining in profitability, globular market crisis and other emerging problems. These problems are then solved strategically. Therefore, management accounting analyses the past, present and the future of an organisations performance through financial transactions. These summarised outputs are essential in planning the current and future stability of an organisation through

Capital Justification Purchase Essay Example for Free

Capital Justification Purchase EssayThis assignment requires defense to the vice president for approval to purchase a major piece of equipment for use in the radiology department of the hospital. My main objective is to provide worthful information to justify the cost as well as provide critical data that substantiates the ROI. Additionally, the report ordain have detailed information outlining the take ins that result assist in the decision making process and address all concerns and questions relating to the purchase. Lastly, the report will include how beneficial and profitable the technology will be for the hospital. The radiology department is in need of a MRI machine to better provide safer and reliable results for line uping pectus cancer. I have through extensive research on the several different types of technological devices and believe that I have come up with the best model. In considering the Siemenss MAGNETOM Espree- tapdance the following six major categories to follow were taken into account to help substantiate the purchase 1) available alternative available resources cost data benefit data prior performance, and risk projection. (Cleverely, et al, 2011, pg. 426).Based upon the research conducted, I believe that this model will improve the quality of unhurried care, help streamline thorax exams and detect the disease with greater confidence. Research shows that MRIs can be helpful in breast care, especially in high-risk women. The MAGNETOM Espree Pink offers a unique design and has demonstrated that no other system comes close to offering patient comfort. This state of the art equipment will take us into the future with the latest technological advances. MAGNETOM Espree-Pink combines an open-bore design with the Sentinelle breast coil for Siemens which offers exceptional breast imagining and biopsy capabilities. And, the future is built in, for instance should our needs change everywhere beat, we have the option to upgrade the sys tem to a MAGNETOM Espree whole-body scanner with all the latest advanced applications and renowned technology. This will allow us the capabilities of having the ability to detect cancer inother areas of the body. MAGNETOM Espree-Pink offers the following Pink Comfort, Pink Workflow and Pink Applications.Pink Comfort can greatly reduce errors due to patient movement, resulting in better image quality. The open-bore design offers an exclusive 70 cm inner diameter, providing exceptional comfort. It enables patients to feel more than at ease, particularly claustrophobic or obese patients. Pink Workflow provides a dedicated multimodality Workplace that offers standard MRI evaluation, it enhances breast reading and reporting, and it is coupled with syngo BreVis, a computer-aided tool for real-time breast analysis. It is easy-to-use, fast, and reliable. Pink Applications allows for faster imaging, excellent clinical detail, shorter exams all part of the dedicated solution for breast care . With its optimized applications, MAGNETOM Espree-Pink enables you to see more, by improving accuracy and showing more details. These applications enable truly comprehensive breast care, helping to improve diagnostic confidence as well as patient care. (www.siemens.com/espree-pink)Financial ConsiderationsIn the getting of the MAGNETOM Espree-Pink there are some financial aspects to be considered. The manufactures price of the equipment is listed at $1.5 billion and listed are a couple of options that could provide for this groovy expenditure. We would like to look at available alternatives to acquiring this equipment purchasing or leasing. The cost benefits of leasing include the ability to lease for a short period of time with less expense and the ability to upgrade the equipment as technology changes. For example, with a five-year lease of $150,000 per year, we will pay $750,000 over the life of lease. The immediate rate of harvest-feast may be greater which may reduce the ex pense of the equipment. For example The assumption is that the charge per usage is $2000 and publications are based on number of patients seen per year. of PatientsCost of Equipment Lease per yearOperations Cost Per IncidenceTotal ExpenseProfit750$150,000$ euchre$525,000$975,0001000$150,000$500$650,000$1.35 million1250$150,000$500$775,000$1.725 millionThe cost benefit of purchasing the equipment is that it would be owned outright by the hospital. The ROI may be seen within the first three years. This can be through with(p) by purchasing directly or by financing the purchase. We now have to consider the fixed cost of the purchase price per year and its derogation and interest. Our operation cost per incidence will now remain the same as leasing the equipment. Our number of patients is assumed to be the same as our option for leasing on with our procedure charge of $2000. of PatientsCost of Equipment PurchaseOperations Cost Per IncidenceTotal ExpenseProfit750$315,000$500$690,000$ 810,0001000$315,000$500$815,000$1.185 million1250$315,000$500$940,000$1.560 millionIn conclusion, the technological advances of MAGNETOM Espree-Pink can provide numerous benefit to the radiology department by enhancing the speed and accuracy of diagnoses, facilitating earlier and more accurate treatment predicating breast cancer and generating additional revenue. The initial cost of purchasing or leasing will be a great expense to the hospital, but the ROI will outweigh the initial cost over a five year period. I believe that the MAGNETOM Espree-Pink will meet the critical needs of the hospital and our federation in which we serve.ReferencesCleverley, William, O., Cleverley, James, O., Song, Paula, H. (2011). Essentials of health carefinance 7th ed.MAGNETOM Espree-Pink (http//usa.healthcare.siemens.com/magnetic-resonance-imaging/0- 35-to-1-5tmri-scanner/magnetom-espree-pink)

Battle of Trafalgar Essay Example for Free

Battle of difference of Trafalgar EssayThe Battle of Trafalgar was the most significant bout won by the British against the combined forces of the cut and Spanish fleets during the Napoleonic Wars. This participation to a fault had significant impact on the concept of navigation when it comes to the oceanic Doctrine of War. This battle proved that tactical unorthodoxy could throw out battles even though you might be outmanned and outgunned by your opponent you can still win battles by deviating from the old Naval Doctrine.This battle was part of a much larger campaign cal conduct the Trafalgar campaign which included several different battles that led up to the final battle at Trafalgar. This campaign was a long and complicated series of fleet maneuvers carried out by the combined French and Spanish fleets and the opposing moves of the British Royal navy blue during much of 1805. These were the culmination of French plans to force a passage through the English Channel, an d so achieve a successful invasion of the United Kingdom. The plans were extremely complicated and proved to be impractical.Much of the detail was due to the personal intervention of Napoleon, who was a soldier rather than a sailor. This was largely because Napoleon failed to consider the effects of weather, difficulties in communication, and the intervention of the Royal Navy. Despite limited successes in achieving some elements of the plan the French commanders were unavailing to follow the main objective through to execution. The campaign, which took place over thousands of miles of ocean, was marked by several naval engagements, most significantly at the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October 1805.The naval doctrine at the time dictated that both sides should crimp up par solelyel to eachother in a straight line so that they could engage in battle and lead all their guns to bear against the enemy. One of the reasons for the development of the line of battle was to help the admira l control the fleet. If all the ships were in line, signaling in battle became possible. The line also had defensive properties, allowing either side to adjourn by breaking away in formation. If the assailant chose to continue combat their line would be broken as well.This type of warfare allowed each side to fight a battle and then to disengage at any time to minimize the losses to their fleet. However with England under threat of invasion by Napoleon and his grand army, British Admiral captain Horatio Nelson needed to ensure that the British were in control of the seas. In order to do this Nelson needed to fight and win a decisive battle that would clearly establish Britains naval supremacy. However in order to do this he would commence to make sure that the combined French and Spanish fleets in reality remained in the battle long enough to win a decisive victory.What Nelson planned on doing was instead of lining up parallel to the opposing fleet, Nelson would contact his n avy and charge at the enemy and deliberately cut the their battle line in two. This type of deviation from blueprint naval warfare in terms of navigation was unheard of at the time. Despite the risk to the British fleet, Nelson believed that this was the best way to engage the enemy fleet in the upcoming battle because it had numerous advantages. The primary advantage was that this would allow the British to cut half of the enemy fleet off, surround it, and force a fight to the end.This is unlike normal engagements where the battle was often inconclusive due to the fact that both fleets would withdraw before a clear winner could be seen. The plan had three superstar advantages. First, it would allow the British fleet to close with the Franco-Spanish fleet as quickly as possible, reducing the chance that it would be able to escape without fighting. Second, it would quickly bring on close quarters battle by breaking the Franco-Spanish line and inducing a series of individual ship-to -ship fights, in which the British were likely to prevail.Nelson knew that the interrupt seamanship, faster gunnery, and higher morale of his crews were great advantages. Third, it would bring a decisive concentration on the rear of the Franco-Spanish fleet. The ships in the front of the enemy fleet would have to turn back to support the rear, and this would concur a long time. Additionally, once the Franco-Spanish line had been broken, their ships would be relatively defenseless to powerful broadsides from the British fleet and would take a long time to reposition and return fire.The main drawback of this strategy was that sailing the British fleet into the combined French and Spanish battle line, the British ships would be fully exposed to the enemy broadsides without the ability to return fire. In order to lessen the time the fleet was exposed to this danger Nelson would have to claim the fleet straight into the enemy battle line as fast as he could.This was yet another depart ure from navigation rules of naval warfare. Nelson was also well aware that French and Spanish gunners were ill-trained, nd would probably be supplemented with soldiers. These untrained men and would have difficulty firing accurately from a sorrowful gun platform. This was in stark comparison to British gunners who were well drilled, and the Royal Marines who were expert marksmen. Another advantage that the British fleet had was that the enemy was sailing crosswise a heavy swell, causing the ships to roll heavily and exacerbating these problems. Nelsons plan was indeed a gamble, but a carefully calculated one. The battle itself started scarce as Nelson wanted it to.The British fleet was able to successfully cut the French and Spanish battle line in half thus forcing a close quarters battle. Despite the huge risk that Nelson was taking his plan ended up working. Nelson scored a huge victory against the combined French and Spanish fleet. He managed to capture over twenty of the enem y ships and inflicted heavy casualties against while suffering few casualties himself. Unfortunately during the battle Nelson was pierced by a musket ball and died from his wounds before he could see the outcome of the victory.Some argue that his loss outweighed any gains made by the British Navy. Following the battle, the Royal Navy was never again seriously challenged by the French fleet in a large-scale engagement. Napoleon had already abandoned his plans of invasion before the battle and they were never revived. This battle firmly established Britains naval supremacy over France. In terms of navigation, this battle was very significant. The most important involvement is that it proved that following standard navigational techniques during an engagement wont always win a battle.The best tactic is to be unpredictable so that the enemy has to adapt to what you are doing thus giving you the tactical advantage. This is exactly what Nelson did in the Battle of Trafalgar and it paid o ff. He proved that sometimes in battle deviating from the norm of battle navigation is the best thing to do, and ever since navies around the world have looked to the strategies employ by Nelson. What is being done like a shot is that naval commanders are being educated about naval history so that they can learn and even employ these types of strategies if they need to in battle.In conclusion, the Battle of Trafalgar was a turning bear down in which ships would fight naval battles in terms of navigation due to the tactical unorthodoxy employed by Nelson. This battle has had long term effects and even today commanders look back and employ some of the same strategies used. The importance of this battle cannot be underestimated because not only was it the turning point in the Napoleonic Wars for the British in terms of establishing naval supremacy at the time, it was a turning point in naval warfare. Navigation would never be the same thanks to one man and one decisive battle.

Beneath - Original writing Essay Example for Free

Beneath Original writing EssayPsychoanalysis begins. Monday morning, it was a big rush. I had to pack the kids lunches and watch after them as they odd wing for school. It was Kellys first day at junior school, and Michelles at secondary school. I dont know why, but as I shut the front door I had flash backs of my first day at secondary school. I got worried. Michelle is a lot like me when I was her age. To my children, I am a normal splendid mother, ordinary like everyone elses mother. That is how they see me. They know nothing about my past It was an excruciatingly hot and sunny day July 30th 1993.I dreaded the aftermath the sunrise began. I felt a huge lump at the back of my throat, my head was pounding, and droplets of cold sweat trickled down my forehead. I used to be a normal, quiet, and well behaved person but, all that changed when I met Camryn Barnes. After the first three times, I promised myself I would never do it again. Yet here I was with the hammer in my han d smashing the new lock on the school gate. It fell to the ground making a loud sudden noise, which do me jump even though it was expected. I ran towards the school building, but the school doors were all locked up.After approximately an hour of struggling through one of the engine room department windows, I managed to squeeze in. I ran to Dr Daniels office, compeling the door open. There, looking up at me with his beady black eyes was Cuddles Dr Daniels hamster. I had my equipment ready and then I opened the cage door picking up the small rodent with my trembling hands. I whispered to him in the darkness, Dont worry, itll only take a second. I reached into the back of my threadbare jeans pockets and pulled out the razor sharp penknife. Tears poured down my aspect. One, Two, Three. I did it.My hand was drenched in fresh, warm blood. I dropped Cuddles on the floor and retreated back to the technology department. I scum bag still remember the cold beady eyed stare Cuddles had given me as I pulled the pocket knife out of him. I recollect a similar expression from the past victims. I got back to Camryn a lot quicker this time. Camryn was walk outside and when she saw me she signalled to me to hurry up. I half jogged and half ran. When I reached her, she caught hold of my wrist and pulled me along with her. I glanced at her beautiful tanned face and saw the contented smile displayed along her lips.I could almost hear her heartbeat, and taste her idea of sweet satisfaction. When we reached her house, she dragged me to her bangroom then leapt onto her red crumpled bed and kicked off her scuffed trainers. Did you do it? Did you top the pint sized rat? she asked with enthusiasm. There was a malicious gleam in her green eyes. I nodded staring at my sweaty bloodstained hands. There was a huge lump in the back of my throat, my stomach churned. I couldnt take it any more, You said wed never do it again Wasnt killing Jackies budgie, Peters cat and Ellies turtle e nough? Why Dr Daniels hamster? Why? Camryn stood up with a frown creasing up near her finely plucked eyebrows. Whats terms with you? Dr Daniels failed me in English I worked so hard for him He got what he be A sudden anger flushed through my body, Like the others got what they deserved? Looking at Camryn, and seeing her satisfied realization from her manipulation, I had to leave. I walked home, showered and then lay in bed. I remember glancing at my digital clock it read 616am. I tried so hard, but failed to fall asleep. It was only a few hours, but seemed like days passing by. at long last my mother came into my room to see why I was not ready for school.I dont feel well, I murmured. Mother carelessly shook her head and left me alone. A month ago I used to be really close to my mother, but now I just seem to want to push her away and out of my life. It was almost as if I surrendered everything I loved for Camryn. My mother, my old friends and, my self respect. Eventually I fel l asleep. Beneath my closed eyes, my thoughts swivelled in front of my eyes. All I saw was beautiful, cold water, ripples glistening. That was where I wanted to be. I woke up and changed into my favourite clothes. I knew what I was doing. I felt alter but ignored the queasy feeling.I sat on the floor and scribbled a note for my mother. I used to write little poems to my mother ages ago. I knew that was what I had to do now. I still remember what I wrote in the poem, word for word. June year 1993, on the 25th day, The day I changed, stopped to pray, I made promises, made to break, But itll be over, whilst I lie in this lake, I feel like Im, spiralling into a deep dark hole, Hopefully this depth, can contain my soul, What Im trying to say, dear mother, Im Sorry, For pretending to be so upbeat and jolly, Sorry mum, I didnt mean to, Ill be thinking of you through and through.

Cross Culture Affects The Global Fast Foods

Cross Culture Affects The Global devalued regimensMichel Camdessus, former managing director of the Inter field M angiotensin converting enzymetary strain (IMF) said that Globalization is simply the continuation of the trend toward greater inter farmingal economic integration that has been under way for the last fifty years. The difference is that todays markets argon larger, more complex, and more closely integrated than ever before. And now capital moves at a speed and in volumes that would hand been inconceivable a a couple of(prenominal) decades ago. (Walker, Walker, Schmitz, 2003, p.2). One could surely argue that, globalisation as defined by our contemporary experience, is a continuation of a historical evolution that has been underway for at least the past five hundred years, with European colonialisation and imperialism leading to a dynamic amidst parochial tribalism and global commerce that frames the modern state of affairs- a dialectical dynamic that Benjamin Barber (1996) fittingly c everys Jihad vs. McWorld.As state by Elmer (2003), Stepping out and fitting in more or less the world is what internationals shop of companies atomic number 18 doing to conquer new markets and to be sustainable on the long run. The ch distributively(prenominal)enge of crossing the b army to step out and fit in apiece and every refinement worldwide (Elmer, 2003), and be both a global and a topical anaesthetic company is the effort of Fast Food brands like KFC, McDonalds and Nandos. Downs (1993) stated that One of the greatest stumbling blocks to understanding other quite a littles within or without a particular goal is the tendency to judge others air by our own standards. As per Criag Storti (1989. P. 32-34) The more we retreat from the cultivation and the people the less we learn about them the less we know about them the more awkward we purport among them the more self-conscious we fell among them the more inclined we ar to withdraw. Therefore t o survive a multinational has to learn about the people of the country they are operating in.Hofstede (1991), Trompenaars (1993), Czinkota and Ronkainen (1993) all agreed that refinement is base on languages, economy, religion, policies, amicable institutions, class, values, status, attitudes, manners, customs, material items, aesthetics and education, which subsequently influences managerial values. The ability of Hofstedes framework to capture more than the single(a)ism-collectivism dimension of culture contributed to its popularity (Sivakuma and Nakata, 2001).According to Hofstede (1980), the skepticism escape dimension bay windows with the national cultures ability to tolerate ambiguity. Individuals in these high uncertainty avoidance cultures tend to be rigid and dogmatic. They are threatened by unknown situations. Life is perceived to incur many risks, and the resultant stress needs to be lessened. So the cultures may rely upon such(prenominal) mechanisms as rules, customs, laws, and religion in pursuit of security.1.2 Problem DefinitionWith the effect of globalization, it has been n singled that many multinational prof occasion victuals for thought brands are establishing in the Mauritius. afterwards(prenominal) nearly 30 years that KFC implemented itself in Mauritius, we now film an influx of antithetic famous brands of fast foods. Another phenomenon leading to this increase of fast food on the market is the opening of retail outlets like Bagatelle and Cascavelle. Mauritius is known for its history of different ethnic groups and with a diversity of food culture, the challenge arising is how these companies are able to gain share of the market and how they have adapted themselves to the Mauritian culture.1.3 The industry understudyThis study exit be conducted for the Fast Food industry with reference to the determineing multinational brands KFC, McDonalds and Nandos. This will enable us to analyse how they are operating and how the importation of American and Portuguese food culture are adapting to our famous Mauritian cuisineBryani, Dal puri, Gateaux Piment, Mine Bouille and other typical Mauritian food.1.4 Aim of lookThe aim of this query is to investigate how these multinationals are facing the cross cultural barriers and how they have been able to overcome them.1.5 Objective of ResearchTo identify cross cultural barriers existing in the Mauritian grocery store and the fast food sector.To analyse how cross culture barriers affects the Marketing strategies of Fast Food CompaniesTo analyse the regard of cross culture on the brand justice of these MultinationalsTo analyse the impact of the perplexity and uncertainty avoidance theory faced by Fast Food Multinational on the Market.To evaluate how Mauritians has accepted these Multinationals in their culture.1.6 Research Structure and hypothesesCompanies who extend their business abroad have to face a challenge of cross-cultural communication. Bennis and N anus (1985) refer to Erez (1992) and claim that communication is the but approach by which group members can cooperate with each other toward the goal of organization. In line with this a possible assumption is as follows surmisal 1Ho Cross cultural barriers have no impact on fast food multinational marketing strategiesH1 cross cultural barriers have impact on fast food multinational marketing strategiesSteenkamp et al. (2003) found that perceived brand globalness was positively related to perceived quality and prestige. Another hypothesis can beHYPOTHESIS 2H3 Cross cultural barriers have no impact on brand equity of fast food multinational marketing strategiesH4 Cross cultural barriers have impact on brand equity of fast food multinational marketing strategiesHofstede (1991, p. 116) points out that uncertainty avoidance should not be confuse with risk avoidance even more than minify risk, uncertainty avoidance leads to a reduction of ambiguity. One of hypothesis will show this from the studyHYPOTHESIS 3H5 The anxiety and uncertainty avoidance theory have no impact on Fast foods Multinationals on the Market.H6 The anxiety and uncertainty avoidance theory have impact on Fast foods Multinationals on the Market.Levitt (1983, p. 87) argues that well-managed companies have moved from emphasis on customizing items to offering globally standardised products that are advanced, functional, reliable and low priced. The following hypothesis will try to this point.HYPOTHESIS 4H7 Mauritian has adopted these Multinational Fast Foods.H8 Mauritian has not adopted these Multinational Fast Foods.1.7 Structure of the StudyThe dissertation will comprise of different chapters as outlined below.Chapter 1 Introduction defines the setting of the research and outlines the aim and research objectives. It alike gives an overview of the structure of the study to be carried out.Chapter 2 Literature Review - delivers a detailed account of relevant materials in intercourse to the su bject matter including theories and principles relating to cross-cultural barriers, also in relation to the food and fast foods multinationals. It also emphasizes on Individualism versus collectivism and uncertainty avoidance in relation to Hofstedes cultural framework.Chapter 3 Situation Analysis It provides a brief of the Mauritian Fast food Multinationals and the problem they have encounter to be present on the MarketChapter 4 Methodology defines the basic methods used to carry out this study along with the procedures that are used to analyse and prepare the hoard data. It also identifies the problems and limitations during the research.Chapter 5 Analysis Findings Presents an analysis of the data collected together with a discussion.Chapter 6 Recommendations Conclusion provides recommendations to provide a smoother adjustment for the Fast Food Multinationals in view with cross cultural issues.Chapter 2 Literature reviewSince the very beginning of human history, food has a ssembled peoples in the way that no any other things have been able to do. No matter whether it was the ancient agora or todays modern day supermarket or restaurant, the market of food has perpetually played a central role in humans lives, communities, communication, and culture (Huddleston et al., 2009 DeJesus and Tian, 2004). Culture is often defined as a system of values as well as a determinant of consumer behavior. Members of a particular culture transform their experiences with their physical and social environments to an abstract level of belief about what is enviable and what is not (Lillis and Tian 2010). Such encoded beliefs, called values, act as a general guide for everyday behaviors, including those pertaining to buying and consumption. heathenish values differ among nations along Hofstedes four dimensions of national character (Emery and Tian, 2003 Hofstede, 1984 Tian, 2002). The growing amount of international business has increased the need to understand consumer behavior from a cross-cultural perspective (Mooij, 2004 Senguder, 2001 Sunderland and Denny, 2007 Tian 2002 a).With the globalisation of markets, marketing research has assumed a truly international character and this trend is likely to continue (Malhotra et al., 1994). Todays Consumers have greater knowledge of the value of various competing offerings. Effective communications may be the most(prenominal) important competitive advantage that firms have to meet diverse consumer needs on a global basis. According to Edmondson (2000), two-thirds of all industries either already operate globally or are in the process of doing so, McDonaldss earns over 62% of its income outside the U.S. For cross-cultural acceptance, Altering and adjusting the marketing change integrity determinants are essential and vital to suit local tastes, meet special needs and consumers non-identical requirements (Czinkota and Ronnenken, 1995). Growing internationalization of tastes and buying patterns has made the development of global and regional brands more feasible (Doyle, 1994).2.1 Fast Food Industry and Food cultureThe fast food revolution essentially had its origins in the US in the middle 1950s and this style of catering has continued to grow in that respect and to spread to most of the rest of the world in the decades since then (Jones et al, 2002, p.41). Schlosser (2001) has suggested that within the US the impact of this revolution has been seen to be particularly pervasive. He argues, for example, that during a relatively brief period of time the fast food industry has helped to transform not scarcely the American diet but also our landscapes, economy, workforce and popular culture. More generally fast food can be seen as a properly symbol of globalisation and of post-modern society and few countries of the world seem immune to its apparent attractions. McDonaldss, for example, claim to serve 45 million customers every day in 30,000 restaurants in 121 countries around the world (Jones et al, 2002, p.41).Fast food have been defined by Bender and Bender (1995) as a general term used for a limited notice of foods that lend themselves to production-line techniques suppliers tend to specialize in products such as burgers, pizzas, chicken, or sandwiches. Fast food is one which gained acceptance of Indian palate after the multinational fast food players adapted the basic Indian food requirements with vegetarian meals and selected non-vegetarian options excluding beef and pork totally from their menu (Goyal, and Singh, 2007).Carmouche and Kelly (1995) suggested a advert of occurrenceors that shape the food consumption behavior social class, gender, age, culture, race, and religion (also considered a cultural factor). Food is one important factor that influences the choice to visit a particular coiffure and affects tourists attitudes, decisions, and behavior (Henderson 2009 Hjalanger and Corigliano 2000). Ample evidence has been found that religion can influence consumer attitude and behavior in general and food buying decisions and eating habits in particular (Bonne and Verbeke 2008b).In many societies, religion plays one of the most influential roles in shaping food choices and consumption behavior the types of food that can be consumed, who should prepare and cook the food at what times, and how and when to eat it. However, different religions have different rules and teachings about food consumption behavior. Followers of religions also differ in observance of these rules nearly follow the rules strictly, while others behave with more flexibility, and few may not care at all. Hence, in order to investigate the relationship between food consumption behavior and religion, it is important to give ample consideration to this religious diversity both within and among the following of each religion. (Maedeh Bon, Mazhar Hussain, 2010) All restaurants of KFC, an American fast-food chain, in France are Halal certified and KFC also ser ves such food in eight of its British restaurants on a trial basis (The economic expert 2009).2.2 Culture and Cross Culture2.2.1 Definition of CultureAccording to Ferraro (1994), the only requirement for culture is to be human is that the people in the world belong to a culture. Marzheuser (1995) stated that culture consists originally of the symbols and stories people use to communicate their history and values. For manse (1976), culture is a backchat which stands for the sum of earned behavior, patterns, attitudes and material things. Culture has been defined as the collective computer programing of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another (Hofstede, 1980). Beyond individual differences, human dispositions and behaviors are influenced by the norms, beliefs and values of their cultural environment (Triandis, 1989).Furthermore, cultural values shape not only ones behavior, but also ones perceptions of the self and of the social environment (Triand is, 1989). Much insight has been gained from the GLOBE research project (House et al., 2004), where culture was measured both as values of the respondents and in terms of their perceptions of how people deal with collective challenges within their culture.2.2.2 Cross CultureOkazaki et al (2011) defined global consumer culture positioning as a brand is associated with a widely unsounded and recognized set of symbols believed to constitute emerging global consumer cultures. As Simon and Dolan (1997) illustrate McDonaldss has been very successful with package offers in the USA and in Germany, where a hamburger and fries offered together with a beverage. While Local consumer culture positioning is defined as a strategy that associates the brand with local cultural meanings, reflects the local cultures norms and identities, is portrayed as consumed by local people in the national culture, and/or is depicted as locally produced for local people (e.g., McDonaldss chicken teriyaki ads in J apan). In contrast, foreign consumer culture positioning positions the brand as symbolic of a specific foreign consumer culture (e.g. KFC slogan Finger-lickin good was translated as wash up your fingers off in China).Beyond individual differences, human dispositions and behaviors are influenced by the norms, beliefs and values of their cultural environment (Triandis, 1989). Furthermore, cultural values shape not only ones behavior, but also ones perceptions of the self and of the social environment (Triandis, 1989). Cultural differences have significant impact on our intercultural communication. They are the source of misunderstanding, misinterpretation, anxiety, and uncertainty, which ultimately result in miscommunication (Stephan and Stephan, (2002) Gudykunst (2002) Gudykunst and Lee, (2002). Generally, culture is conceptualised as a dual-lane way of life collectively developed and shared by a group of people and transmitted from contemporaries to generation (Tubbs and Moss, 19 94). Culture embodies many complex elements such as beliefs, values, language, political systems, and tools which together give a group its code or characteristics (Griffin (2000) Tubbs and Moss (1994). This code is not imposed by one individual or an external body. Rather, it is socially constructed (by members that make up the group) and historically transmitted (Philipsen, (1992) and Griffin (2000)).Intercultural communication is thus the replace of cultivation between well-defined groups of people with significantly different cultures (Barnett and Lee (2002). The process is quite complex in the sense that this exchange of information takes place in a context which is a fusion of significantly different systems. The process also requires conscious attempts by each party at reducing uncertainty about the future behaviour of the other party through an increase in understanding of the other group (Barnett and Lee (2002) Gudykunst, (2002)). For Gudykunst and Lee (2002) and Griffin , (2000) Cultural variability (the extent to which cultures differ) is key to any conceptualisation of intercultural communication. Various studies have examined cultural variability at the level of power distribution (or power distance), uncertainty avoidance, gender roles, face negotiation, individualism-collectivism, and others.Mazneski (1994) opines that cross-cultural awareness facilitates to carry through a set task successfully. Berthon (1993) views culture as the results of the human actions and shows the link between the ideas of mental programming and the consequence of behaviour derived from this. Therefore, cross-verging across culture has different aspects such as attitude, communication, conflict and negotiation, performance and compensation, which explain the ethical issues and how to appraise them. Bond and Forgas (1984) concluded that different perceptions, attitudes and biases in different cultures ultimately mould the ethical monochromes across-culture, have a di stinct presence ubiquitously. In that light, McFarlin and Sweeney (1998) observe that once you perceive and interpret the behaviour of another person, you often must communicate your feelings or reactions to what took place which is an extension of the ethical base to appraise performance and preference. Ambos and Schlegelmilch (2008) argue that one culture may digest certain type (or types) of organizations rather than other types, and culture differences will eventually influence on the performance of company.International marketers have long recognise that products and services frequently must be adapted to the varying needs and preferences of consumers in different countries (Cateora and Graham 2002). As McDonaldss adapted its products in India and has made changes to its menu to cater to local tastes elsewhere in the world. In 1996 McDonaldss launches its first restaurants in India and to respect local custom the menu there did not include beef. Instead, there was a novel it em the Maharaja Mac, made with mutton but served in the McDonaldss sesame-seed bun (Rugimbana and Nwankwo, (2003).The goal of marketing management is to create positive individuality impressions in the local consumers minds, even if this entails some alteration to the companys global identity expressions. As reported in The Economist (2001), in the fast-food industry, menu offerings are influenced by the prevailing cultural values Maharaja Macs at McDonaldss India, Teriyaki McBurgers at McDonaldss Japan, and Kosher and non-Kosher restaurants in McDonaldss Israel and advertising, outdoor signage, and in-store ephemera need to be in the native language. Restaurant computer architecture frequently incorporates native motifs and global trade characters can take on a local flavor. A Starbucks in Shanghai has a Ming Dynasty faade and the entrances of some Chinese KFC restaurants are guarded by full-size, fiberglass models of Colonel Sanders who, in his Asian reincarnation, looks a lit tle portly like a Buddha. According to former CEO, seaman Greenberg, localization has contributed to McDonaldss worldwide success (Foreign Policy 2001), although some analysts warn that decentralization has become so pervasive that it threatens to undermine the main pillars of the brand service, quality and cleanliness (The Economist 2001).2.3 Cross Culture BarriersHofstede (1991), Trompenaars (1993), and Czinkota and Ronkainen (1993) all agreed that culture is based on languages, economy, religion, policies, social institutions, class, values, status, attitudes, manners, customs, material items, aesthetics and education, which subsequently influences managerial values. Witkowski and Wolfinbarger (2002) found that the relationship between the different components of service quality reliability, empathy, responsiveness, assurance, and tangibles and perceptions of overall service quality varied across both cultures and across service settings.2.3.1 LanguageLanguage is the key to th e tenderness of a culture, so related are language and culture that language holds the power to maintain national or cultural identity. Victor (1992) noted that there are at least 2, 796 languages spoken on planet earth. According to Rubin (1992), language is a set of characters or elements and rules for their use in relation to one another and as described by Nanda and Warms (1998) language does more than just reflect culture it is the way in which an individual is introduce to the order of the physical and social environment. As the definition of Dawson (1967), language lies at the root of culture, and that culture and language are inseparable aspects of the same process. According to Edwards (1985), language is important in ethnic and nationalist sentiment because of its power and visible symbolism (reason why the Mauritian placement as implemented Mauritian Creoles in schools). For Bolch (1996) language and culture are so firmly intertwined that optional cross-cultural interna tional business cannot be attained without substantial foreign-language capabilities. Reasonable cultural awareness without foreign-language capabilities is common, especially among side of meat speaking business people, but such a lack of skills set very definite limits on the efficacy of cross-cultural performance. Intercultural communication gained prominence after efforts by anthropologists and linguists like Hall and Lado to link language, culture, and communication (Kramsch, 2001).2.3.2 Norms, Roles, Beliefs and ValuesNorms are culturally defined rules for determining acceptable and appropriate behaviour (Tubbs and Moss, 1994). They include those that govern social situations and conversational routines such as greetings, making requests, and expressing various emotions. Roles are also sources of cultural variability. Roles are sets of norms applicable to specific groups of people in society. As culture relates to norms, values and customs of people it generates behavioural d ifferentiation. Culture as a set of norms, rules and customs, as a result people from different cultures have differences in their norms and customs. Culture is a pattern of spiritual, emotional, mental and physical realities, all of which interact in the life of society and individuals. It involves the way we think, dress and speak, the words we use, our beliefs, the food we eat, the style of our clothes and our homes, the relationship between relatives, our music and our art, and much more. Higher education levels expose individuals to different cultural perspectives and make them less likely to follow local behavioral norms and more global as consumers (Keillor et al., 2001). Cultural syndromes are cognitive structures that help one organize and interpret the world by direction attention on certain patterns or matters in the subjective elements of the environment, such as values, norms, beliefs, and assumptions (Triandis, 1994a)2.3.3 StatusHomer and Kahle (1988), the value attit ude behavior hierarchy would support the contention that cultural values do correlate with attitudes. Orientation toward status is another cultural dimension identified as affecting human behavior and refers to how people are judged in society (Trompanaars Hampdon-Turner, 1997). Achievement is a cultural orientation where people are accorded status based on how well they perform their functions (e.g., subject matter expertise) and on what they have accomplished. Ascription is a cultural orientation where status is attributed based on who or what a person is (i.e., based on age, gender, or social connections).2.4. High context-communication and low context communication.High context or Low context communication theory is one of the most important theories in cross-cultural research, which can be viewed as a culture based on the messages that people within the culture prefer to use (Ric operoseson and Smith, 2007). It properly links management style and staff behaviour to discuss th e issue of cross-cultural management in communication. According to Richardson and Smith (2007) refer to Hall (1976) and argue that cultures cannot be easily classified into High Context or Low Context, but to some extent, some cultures tend to be at the high end while others are at the lower end of the continuum. In a high-context culture, people interdepend on each other. Information is widely shared through the word with potential meaning. In a low-context cutlure, people tend to be individualized, kind of alienated and fragmented, people do not involve with each other too much. High context communication tends to engage an indirect way to express while low context communication prefers direct information exchange (Kim, Pan and Park, 1998, Richardson and Smith, 2007). In a low-context culture, people coming from other culture can easily match these machinations, but in a high-context culture, these high-context machinations cannot be easily matched by people coming from low-cont ext culture (Holden, 2002).The characteristic of high-context communication is economical, fast, efficient, and satisfying, however, programming is time-consumed (Kim, Pan and Park, 1998). Contrarily, low-context kittyages are more context-free than high-context communication, information about the character and background and values of the participants are less influencing on people to make deals, however, the reliance to make deal is upon the explicit communication. In high context cultures communication involves messages in which most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message While low context the mass of the information is vested i n explicit code (Hall Hall, 1990). Cultural dimensions such as uncertainty avoidance, high-low context, field dependence-independence, and analytic-holistic reasoning are all cultural dimensions that may impact the leaders search (Salas e t al., 2004).2.5 Hofstede cultur al dimension FrameworkThe human relations theme contains cultural dimensions that address how members of cultures react, interact, and develop relationships with others. Specifically, this theme includes dimensions that describe the identification of in- versus out-groups and corresponding expectations (Hofstede, 1980), preferences for individualistic tendencies versus group consensus and corresponding behavioral consequences (Trompenaars Hampden-Turner, 1998), and the maintenance of the status quo (Schwartz, 1999). The power relations theme contains cultural dimensions that revolve around peoples beliefs, values, and subsequent behaviors resulting from perceptions of power. Cultural dimensions within this theme guide rules and regulations regarding peoples reaction to power as well as the perception, acceptance, and friendship of power being distributed unequally (Hofstede, 1980). Hofstedes mixed bag was originally related to work values rather than consumer behavior and other m icro phenomena it might be less relevant in more culture specific studies on more micro phenomena in consumer behaviors (Yau et al. 1999). However, his work appears to be heavily relied upon because of its extensiveness across cultures and its intuitive appeal.While the first four themes deal primarily with direct social interactions, the next several themes pertain to differences in cultures orientation to more inanimate objects (i.e., rules, times, nature). Dimensions, which pertain to a cultures orientation to rules, include those that describe the adherence to, application of, and comfort with rules for members of a certain culture. Specifically, this theme refers to attitudes and preferences for ambiguity, rules guiding actions, and the amount of rules that govern behaviour for a particular society (Hofstede, 1980). National cultures also have different preferences with regard to perception of time and how those perceptions guide behavior. The time orientation theme refers to d imensions that explain how time perceptions of members relate to rewards, how time is viewed, and whether or not members hold attention to time (Hofstede, 2001 Hall Hall, 1990).The following provides a brief outline of the six dimensions of national cultures (Hofstede, 2001 Hofstede et al., 2010).(1) Power distance refers to the extent to which a society accepts the fact that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally. It is shown as much by the behavioural values of superiors, who display their power and exercise it, as by the behavioural values of subordinates who tolerate for their superiors to show their status and power, and are uncomfortable if they do not personally experience it.(2) Uncertainty avoidance refers to the extent to which members of a society feel uncomfortable in ambiguous and uncertain situations and take actions to avoid them. The dimension of uncertainty avoidance measures the extent to which people in a society tend to feel threatene d by uncertain, ambiguous or undened situations. Where uncertainty avoidance is high, organizations promote stable careers, produce rules and procedures, etc. Nevertheless societies in which uncertainty avoidance is muscular are also characterized by a higher level of anxiety and aggressiveness that creates, among other things, a strong inner urge to work hard (Hofstede, 1980a).(3) Individualism versus collectivism refers to the extent to which individuals are supposed to look after themselves or remain integrated into groups. Hofstede (2001) defines it as the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another. According to this definition, national culture is a set of collective beliefs and values that distinguish people of one nation from those of another.(4) Masculinity versus femininity refers to the distribution of emotional roles between the genders. It contrasts tough masculine with tender feminine societies. A s ociety is masculine when the dominant values opt assertiveness, earning money, showing off possessions and caring little for others. Conversely, feminine societies favour nurturing roles, interdependence between people and caring for others (who are seen as worth caring for, because they are temporarily weak). The masculinity/femininity dimension has been so called because, on average, men tended to score high on one extreme and women on the other, across societies.(5) long-run versus short-term orientation refers to the extent to which a culture programs its members to accept delayed satisfaction of their material, social and emotional needs. Long-term orientation is future- focalizationed and has long-term goals whereas short-term orientations focus on respect for tradition and are oriented toward the past and the present. Long Term Orientation stands for the fostering of virtues oriented towards future rewards, in particular, perseverance and thrift. Its diametral pole, Short Term O